Which term indicates a punitive action against someone?

The term "castigation" refers specifically to the act of reprimanding or punishing someone, often in a severe or harsh manner. It conveys a sense of disciplinary action intended to correct undesirable behavior or to express strong disapproval. This word is often used in contexts where someone receives chastisement for their actions, making it clear that the emphasis is on punitive measures.

In contrast, other options do not carry this connotation. "Condone" refers to accepting or allowing behavior that is considered morally wrong or offensive, thus implying tolerance rather than punishment. "Encouragement" suggests a supportive action aimed at motivating or inspiring someone, which is the opposite of punitive intent. "Reaffirmation" involves confirming or asserting something again, without any implication of punishment. Thus, among the terms provided, "castigation" stands out as the only one that explicitly indicates punitive action.