Which adjective is used to describe more than is needed, desired, or required?

The term "superfluous" is used to describe something that exceeds what is necessary, desired, or required. In various contexts, it denotes an excess that does not add value and may even be seen as wasteful. For instance, if a project includes extra features that do not contribute to its overall purpose, those features could be labeled as superfluous. This aligns perfectly with the definition of the word, which stems from the Latin root "superfluus," meaning overflowing or surplus.

The other terms provided do not convey this meaning. "Marginal" relates to something being on the edge or not central, often suggesting insignificance rather than excess. "Mitigate" refers to the act of making something less severe or intense, which is about reduction, not excess. "Ostracism," on the other hand, pertains to social exclusion or being banned from a group, which does not relate to the concept of excess or surplus at all. Thus, "superfluous" is the most appropriate choice for describing something that goes beyond what is needed.