What does the term "paradigm" refer to?

The term "paradigm" refers to a standard or typical example that serves as a model in a particular field or context. It represents an established framework or pattern of thinking that shapes how concepts and practices are understood and applied. For instance, in science, a paradigm can refer to a set of theories and practices that define a scientific discipline for a period, such as the Newtonian model in physics.

This choice is correct because the essence of a paradigm is to provide a reference point around which observations and solutions are organized. It identifies what is considered standard or accepted within a certain discipline, thereby guiding research, methodologies, and interpretations.

The other options do not align with the definition of "paradigm." A sudden change implies a disruption or shift, which does not fit the concept of a more stable framework. A unique case may refer to an exception or anomaly rather than an overarching model, and an obsolete idea suggests something no longer relevant, whereas a paradigm can evolve but still hold significance in its context.